NEURAL PATHWAYS FROM HYPOTHALAMIC OREXIN NEURONS TO THE VENTROLATERAL PREOPTIC AREA MEDIATE SLEEP IMPAIRMENTS INDUCED BY CONDITIONED FEAR

Neural pathways from hypothalamic orexin neurons to the ventrolateral preoptic area mediate sleep impairments induced by conditioned fear

IntroductionFear and sleep impairments common co-exist, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.Hypothalamic orexinergic neurons are involved in the regulation of sleep-wake and fear expression.The ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPO) is an essential brain region to promote sleep, and orexinergic axonal fibers projecting to the VLPO are involved

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Heat Transfer Intensification Using Nanofluids

This paper summarises some of our recent work on the heat transfer of nanofluids (dilute liquid suspensions of nanoparticles).It covers click here heat conduction, convective heat transfer under both natural and forced flow conditions, and boiling heat transfer in the nucleate regime.The results show that, despite considerable data scattering, the

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